Abstract The scope of this study was to analyze the temporal variation in the incidence of overweight and abdominal obesity among adolescents from public schools in a capital in northeastern Brazil. It is a study including information from three cross-sectional surveys carried out in 2001, 2009 and 2017, with 2,496 students aged 10 to 18 years of both sexes living in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Overweight was assessed using the Body Mass Index for Age (BMI/A) and abdominal obesity was assessed using waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Pooled OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression, with constant effect, was used to assess the variation of anthropometric indicators over the period. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of overweight increased by 103% and the indicators of abdominal obesity increased by 153% and 142%, respectively, in the period under analysis. The increase in the mean body mass index and waist-to-height ratio was greater among adolescents and in the mean BMI and waist circumference among those aged 14 to 18 years old. The conclusion reached was that there was a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in the period 2001 to 2017 among adolescents in the city of Salvador.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a variação temporal da ocorrência do excesso de peso e da obesidade abdominal em adolescentes de escolas públicas de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo incluindo informações de três levantamentos transversais realizados nos anos de 2001, 2009 e 2017, com 2.496 escolares de 10 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos, residentes na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. O excesso de peso foi avaliado por meio do Índice de Massa Corpórea para idade (IMC/I) e obesidade abdominal foi avaliada pela circunferência da cintura e razão cintura-estatura. A regressão Pooled OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), de efeito constante foi utilizada para avaliar a variação dos indicadores antropométricos ao longo do período. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a prevalência de excesso de peso cresceu 103% e os indicadores da obesidade abdominal cresceram 153% e 142%, respectivamente no período analisado. Aumento na média do Índice de Massa Corpórea e da Razão cintura estatura foi maior entre as adolescentes e da média do IMC e da circunferência da cintura entre aqueles de 14 a 18 anos de idade. Conclui-se que houve expressivo crescimento nas prevalências do excesso de peso e da obesidade abdominal no período de 2001 a 2017 entre os adolescentes da cidade de Salvador.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a variação temporal da ocorrência do excesso de peso e da obesidade abdominal em adolescentes de escolas públicas de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo incluindo informações de três levantamentos transversais realizados nos anos de 2001, 2009 e 2017, com 2.496 escolares de 10 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos, residentes na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. O excesso de peso foi avaliado por meio do Índice de Massa Corpórea para idade (IMC/I) e obesidade abdominal foi avaliada pela circunferência da cintura e razão cintura-estatura. A regressão Pooled OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), de efeito constante foi utilizada para avaliar a variação dos indicadores antropométricos ao longo do período. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a prevalência de excesso de peso cresceu 103% e os indicadores da obesidade abdominal cresceram 153% e 142%, respectivamente no período analisado. Aumento na média do Índice de Massa Corpórea e da Razão cintura estatura foi maior entre as adolescentes e da média do IMC e da circunferência da cintura entre aqueles de 14 a 18 anos de idade. Conclui-se que houve expressivo crescimento nas prevalências do excesso de peso e da obesidade abdominal no período de 2001 a 2017 entre os adolescentes da cidade de Salvador.

Abstract The scope of this study was to analyze the temporal variation in the incidence of overweight and abdominal obesity among adolescents from public schools in a capital in northeastern Brazil. It is a study including information from three cross-sectional surveys carried out in 2001, 2009 and 2017, with 2,496 students aged 10 to 18 years of both sexes living in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Overweight was assessed using the Body Mass Index for Age (BMI/A) and abdominal obesity was assessed using waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Pooled OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression, with constant effect, was used to assess the variation of anthropometric indicators over the period. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of overweight increased by 103% and the indicators of abdominal obesity increased by 153% and 142%, respectively, in the period under analysis. The increase in the mean body mass index and waist-to-height ratio was greater among adolescents and in the mean BMI and waist circumference among those aged 14 to 18 years old. The conclusion reached was that there was a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in the period 2001 to 2017 among adolescents in the city of Salvador.

RESUMO Objetivo: O nosso objetivo neste estudo foi comparar as alterações na unidade funcional lacrimal em dois modelos de síndrome do olho seco neurogênica: desnervação sensorial da córnea versus desnervação autonômica da glândula lacrimal. Métodos: A rede neural é um importante suporte para a unidade funcional lacrimal. Pode ser dividido em vias aferentes (sensoriais) e eferentes (autonômicas), sujeitas a doenças graves que comprometem a unidade funcional lacrimal. Ratos Wistar machos, com 8 semanas de idade, foram divididos em três grupos: 1) Controle naïve (n=16 animais); 2) Desnervação autonômica: onde os ratos foram submetidos à ablação do nervo da glândula lacrimal direita e avaliados após um e dois meses (1 M a 2 M) do procedimento (n=7 animais por subgrupo, desnervação autonômica 1M e desnervação autonômica 2M, respectivamente); 3) Desnervação sensorial induzida por colírio a 0,2% de cloreto de benzalcônio, duas vezes ao dia por 7 dias no olho direito (n=10 animais). A sensibilidade da córnea foi medida pelo teste de movimento pata-olho com capsaicina (10 µM). A PCR quantitativa em tempo real foi aplicada para comparar a expressão relativa de mRNA de citocinas pró-inflamatórias: Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Mmp9, na córnea, gânglio trigêmio e glândula lacrimal. O mRNA dos agentes pró-mitóticos Bmp7, Runx1, Runx3, Fgf10 e Smad1 foram comparados na glândula lacrimal. Resultados: A desnervação sensorial induziu hiperalgesia da córnea (p=0,001). Desnervação sensorial e desnervação autonômica aumentaram o mRNA de citocinas pró-inflamatórias no córnea e glândula lacrimal (p<0,05), mas apenas desnervação sensorial aumentou o mRNA de Il1b e Tnf no gânglio trigêmio (p<0,05) quando comparado ao controle naïve. Conclusões: Os modelos de desnervação autonômica e desnervação sensorial podem ter características comuns, como inflamação de diferentes partes da unidade funcional lacrimal. No entanto, a hiperestesia e os marcadores inflamatórios no gânglio trigêmio de desnervação sensorial e a expressão de mediadores regenerativos na glândula lacrimal na desnervação autonômica são características que distinguem essas doenças, podendo ser investigadas em estudos futuros que abordam o olho seco secundário ao dano neural da unidade funcional lacrimal.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare the changes in the lacrimal functional unit in the following two models of neurogenic dry eye syndrome: sensory denervation of the cornea versus autonomic denervation of the lacrimal gland. Methods: The neural network supports the lacrimal functional unit. It can be divided into afferent (sensory) and efferent (autonomic) pathways and is affected by severe diseases that compromise the lacrimal functional unit. Male Wistar, 8-week-old rats were divided into the following three groups: 1) control naïve (n=16 animals); 2) autonomic denervation: where rats were subjected to right lacrimal gland nerve ablation and evaluated after 1 and 2 months (1M and 2M) after the procedure (n=7 animals per subgroup, autonomic denervation 1M and autonomic denervation 2M, respectively); 3) sensory denervation induced by 0.2% benzalkonium chloride eye drops, twice a day for 7 days in the right eye (n=10 animals). The corneal sensitivity was measured using the eye wipe test with capsaicin (10 µM). The quantitative real-time PCR was performed to compare the mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, such as Il-1β, Il-6, Tnf, Mmp9, in the cornea, trigeminal ganglion, and lacrimal gland. In addition, the mRNA of the promitotic factors in the lacrimal gland, such as Bmp7, Runx1, Runx3, Fgf10, and Smad1, was compared. Results: Sensory denervation induced corneal hyperalgesia (p=0.001). Sensory denervation and autonomic denervation increased the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines in the cornea and lacrimal gland (p<0.05), but only sensory denervation increased the mRNA levels of Il-1β and Tnf in the trigeminal ganglion (p<0.05) compared with the control naïve. Conclusions: Autonomic denervation and sensory denervation models can have common features, such as inflammation of different parts of the lacrimal functional unit. However, hyperesthesia and inflammatory markers in the trigeminal ganglion because of sensory denervation and the expression of regenerative mediators in the lacrimal gland owing to autonomic denervation are the distinguishing features of these diseases that can be explored in future studies assessing dry eye syndrome secondary to neural damage of the lacrimal functional unit.

Background: social programs can improve the conditions required for families provide sufficient care and attention for an adequate health and nutrition. Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Brazilian's conditional cash transfer program - Bolsa Alimentação (PBA) on children anthropometric status. Methods: a cohort of 1847 children, followed for 12 months: 1615 PBA children; 232 non-PBA. There were 316 (14.6%) missing children during the study. A quasi- experimental study adopting the before-after strategy was applied and the effectiveness approach was used to assess the impact of the program on children nutritional status. Multilevel analysis with three levels was used in the statistical analysis. The mean increment variations of height-for-age and weight-for-age were the outcome variables and the participation in the PBA was the exposition. Four participation groups were established: children not exposed to the program (internal control group); exposed to the program throughout the 12 months, exposed to the program only in the last 6 months; and exposed to the program only in the first 6 months. Repeated measures were obtained at baseline and at 12 months. Results: it was found that the exposure to the program was associated to a mean variation in weight-for-age of 0.34 Z-score (IC = 0.04; 0.63) and height-for-age of 0.38 (IC = 0.05; 0.70) for children who were regular program beneficiaries during the follow-up. The exposure to the program in other periods was not statistically associated with a mean variation in the indicators. Conclusions: Cash transfers direct to the family were associated to anthropometric deficits reduction in childhood.

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia del programa de transferencia de ingreso brasileño -Bolsa Alimentação (PBA)- sobre la variación media del incremento del peso y de la talla de niños. Métodos: cohorte de 1.847 niños seguida durante 12 meses: 1.615 eran niños PBA; 232 eran niños no PBA. Se ha registrado la pérdida de 316 (14,6%) niños durante el estudio. Se adopta el diseño casi-experimental y la estrategia antes-después con el enfoque de eficacia para evaluar el impacto del programa sobre el estado antropométrico de los niños. La regresión lineal multinivel fue usada en el análisis estadístico. La variación media del incremento del crecimiento de la talla y del peso para la edad fueron los resultados, y la participación en el programa la variable de exposición principal. Se establecieron cuatro grupos de participación en el programa: niños no expuestos al programa (control interno; expuestos al programa durante 12 meses de acompañamiento, expuestos al programa solo en los últimos 6; niños expuestos al programa solo en los primeros 6 meses. Las medidas repetidas se obtuvieron al inicio y a los 12 meses del seguimiento. Resultados: después de ajustar los efectos por los factores de confusión, la exposición al programa se asoció a una variación media de peso por edad de 0,34 Z-score (IC = 0,04; 0,63) y talla para la edad de 0,38 Z-score (IC = 0,05; 0,70) para los niños que fueron expuestos al programa durante los 12 meses. La exposición al programa en otros períodos de seguimiento no fue estadísticamente asociado con una variación media de peso o talla para la edad. Conclusiones: transferencias directas de ingresos a la familia se asociaron con la reducción de los déficits antropométricos en la infancia.

Objective: This study aims to conduct a literature review to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs in the prevention and control of obesity in children and to map the locations where the studies were carried out. Methods: A systematic review using the PubMed / MEDLINE and LILACS databases to trace the published literature on intervention programs for prevention and control of obesity in the period of January 2004 to October 2013. The initial search was conducted using the terms "body mass index", " Intervention" and "children" or "adolescent" and only articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese were selected. Results: We found that interventions based only on advice had modest results in identifying changes in the anthropometric indicators of children and adolescents over time, although they appear to be effective in promoting positive changes in the eating habits of this population. Among the studies identified, 77.8% were conducted in high-income countries, 22.2% in middle to high income countries and no intervention studies were found in middle to low income countries. Conclusion: Intervention programs based only on counseling are effective in promoting changes in dietary patterns, but show poor results in the changes of anthropometric parameters of children and adolescents.

Objetivo: Este trabajo pretende realizar una revisión de literatura para evaluar la efectividad de programas de intervención en la prevención y en el control del exceso de peso infantil y hacer el mapeamiento de los sitios donde los estudios fueron hechos. Métodos: Estudio de revisión sistemática utilizando las bases de datos de PUBMED/MEDLINE y LILACS para rastrear la literatura publicada sobre programas de intervenciones para prevención y control de exceso de peso entre el período de enero de 2004 a octubre de 2013. La búsqueda inicial fue realizada utilizando los términos "body mass index" and "Intervention" and "children" or "adolescent" y fueron seleccionados apenas los artículos publicados en Inglés, español y portugués. Resultados: se observó que intervenciones pautadas unicamente en el aconsejamiento presentaron resultados modestos para identificar alteraciones en los indicadores antropométricos de niños y adolescentes a lo largo del tiempo, aunque parezcan ser efectivos para realizar cambios positivos en los hábitos alimentares de esa población. Entre los estudios identificados, 77.8% fueron realizados en países con renta alta, 22.2% en los países con renta media-alta y no hay estudios de intervención en países con renta media-baja y baja. Conclusión: Los programas de intervenciones basados solamente en el aconsejamiento son efectivos para promover cambios en la calidad alimentar, pero presentan insignificantes resultados en la alteración de los parámetros antropométricos de niños y adolescentes.

Background: Social programs can improve the conditions required for families provide sufficient care and attention for an adequate health and nutrition. Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Brazilian’s conditional cash transfer program -Bolsa Alimentação (PBA) on children anthropometric status. Methods: A cohort of 1847 children, followed for 12 months: 1615 PBA children; 232 non-PBA. There were 316 (14.6%) missing children during the study. A quasi-experimental study adopting the before-after strategy was applied and the effectiveness approach was used to assess the impact of the program on children nutritional status. Multilevel analysis with three levels was used in the statistical analysis. The mean increment variations of height-for-age and weight-for-age were the outcome variables and the participation in the PBA was the exposition. Four participation groups were established: children not exposed to the program (internal control group); exposed to the program throughout the 12 months, exposed to the program only in the last 6 months; and exposed to the program only in the first 6 months. Repeated measures were obtained at baseline and at 12 months. Results: It was found that the exposure to the program was associated to a mean variation in weight-for-age of 0.34 Z-score (IC=-0.44; 0.63) and height-for-age of 0.38 (IC=0.05; 0.70) for children who were regular program beneficiaries during the follow-up. The exposure to the program in other periods was not statistically associated with a mean variation in the indicators. Conclusions: Cash transfers direct to the family were associated to anthropometric deficits reduction in childhood.

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del programa de transferencia de ingreso brasileño - Bolsa Alimentação (PBA) sobre la variación media del incremento del peso e de la talla de niños. Métodos: Cohorte de 1.847 niños fue seguida durante 12 meses: 1.615 eran niños PBA; 232 eran niños no PBA. Se han registrado la pierda de 316 (14,6%) niños durante el estudio. Se adopta el diseño casi-experimental y la estrategia antes-después con el enfoque de eficacia para evaluar el impacto del programa sobre el estado antropométrico de los niños. La regresión lineal multinivel fue usada en el análisis estadístico. La variación media del incremento del crecimiento de la talla y del peso para la edad fueron los outcomes and la participación en el programa la variable de exposición principal. Se establecieron cuatro grupos de participación en el programa: niños no expuesto al programa (control interno; expuestos al programa durante 12 meses de acompañamiento, expuesto al programa sólo en los últimos 6; niños expuestos al programa sólo en los primeros 6 meses. Las medidas repetidas se obtuvieron al inicio y a los 12 meses del seguimiento. Resultados: Después de ajustar los efectos por los factores de confusión, la exposición al programa se asoció a una variación media de peso por edad de 0,34 Z-score (IC = -0,44- 0,63) y talla para la edad de 0,38 Z-score (IC = 0,05-0,70) para los niños que fueron expuestos al programa durante los 12 meses. La exposición al programa en otros períodos de seguimiento no fue estadísticamente asociado con una variación media de peso o la talla para la edad. Conclusiones: Transferencias directas de ingreso a la familia se asociaron con la reducción de los déficits antropométricos en la infancia.

Background: the risk factors associated to metabolic syndrome (MS) have been extensively studied in adults, but in children and adolescents it is poorly explored. Objective: To identify the prevalence of MS and associated factors in children and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 540 children and adolescents from 7 to 14 years of age. The socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle data and the family history of chronic diseases were reported by the individual and/or guardian and recorded in a structured questionnaire. Biochemical tests (fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerols, reduced high-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, homocysteine and cysteine), an anthropometric assessment and a blood pressure measurement were performed. MS was defined according to the criteria of The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III adapted by Ferranti. A Poisson regression was used to identify the factors statistically associated with MS. Results: The MS prevalence was 12.8%, in which the most frequent component was a decreased high-density lipoprotein level (58.2%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (41.8%), elevated blood pressure (29.1%), increased waist circumference (26.7%) and hyperglycemia (7.2%). Associations between metabolic syndrome and overweight [prevalence ratio (PR): 2.2 (1.22-3.95)], father education [PR: 2.19 (1.10-4.37)], serum very low-density lipoprotein concentration [PR: 1.08 (1.04-1.11)] and concomitantly increased serum homocysteine and cysteine concentrations [PR: 2.58 (1.32-5.04)] were observed. Conclusions: The MS prevalence is high in children and adolescents and it is increased in patients with overweight, higher father education, increased serum very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations and a concomitant serum homocysteine and cysteine high levels.

Introducción: Los factores asociados al Síndrome metabòlico (SM) han sido ampliamente estudiados en adultos, pero aún son poco explorado en niños y adolescentes Objetivo: Identificar la superioridad de SM y los factores asociados en niños y adolescentes. Métodos: Se trata de estudio transversal, con 540 niños de 7 a 14 años de edad. Los datos socioeconómicos, demográficos, estilo de vida e historia familiar de enfermedades crònicas fueron informados por la persona y/o responsable y registrados en cuestionario estructurado. Fueron realizadas dosificaciones bioquímicas (glicemia en ayuno, triglicérides, lipoproteína de alta densidad reducida, lipoproteína de muy baja densidad, ho-mocisteina y cisteina), evaluación antropométrica y verificación de la presión arterial. La SM fue definida de acuerdo con los criterios del The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III adaptado por Ferranti. Se utilizó regresión de Poisson como técnica estadística para identificar los factores asociados a la SM. Resultados: La superioridad de la SM fue del 12,8%, siendo a lipoproteína de alta densidad reducida (58,2%) el componente más frecuente, seguido por la hipertrigliceridemia (41,8%), presión arterial aumentada (29,1%), circunferencia de la cintura aumentada (26,7%) e hiperglicemia (7,2%). Fue observada asociación entre SM y exceso de peso (RP: 2,2 [1,22-3,95]), escolaridad paterna (RP: 2,19 [1,10-4,37]), concentración sérica de la lipoproteína de muy baja densidad (RP: 1,08 [1,04-1,11]) y concentraciones séricas simultáneamente aumentadas de homo-cisteina y cisteina (RP: 2,58 [1,32-5,04]). Conclusiones: La superioridad de SM es elevada en niños y adolescentes y se encuentra aumentada en paciente con exceso de peso, mayor escolaridad paterna, concentraciones séricas aumentadas de la lipoproteína de muy baja densidad, y elevación simultánea de los niveles séricos de homocisteína y cisteína.

A obesidade apresenta ocorrência crescente em todo o mundo, sendo alimentação inadequada e sedentarismo seus importantes fatores de risco. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de um programa de intervenção nutricional e exercício físico sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC) de mulheres adultas. Trata-se de um estudo quasi-experimental, duração de 12 meses, participando 69 mulheres adultas, submetidas à atividade física três vezes na semana, orientação nutricional e palestras sobre vida saudável, avaliadas ao início, 6 e 12 meses do seguimento. Menores níveis de atividade física e alto consumo de alimentos de risco elevaram em 2,28cm a média da CC das mulheres, quando comparado àquelas que tiveram maiores níveis de atividade física e baixo consumo de alimentos de risco (p < 0,01). Menores níveis de atividade física associados ao elevado consumo de alimentos protetores aumentaram a média do IMC em 0,68 kg/m², em comparação com maiores níveis de atividade física e alto consumo de alimentos protetores. A intervenção mostrou associação positiva com os parâmetros avaliados.

Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide, with inadequate nutrition and physical inactivity as the main risk factors. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a nutritional intervention and physical activity program on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in adult women. This quasi-experimental study, lasting 12 months, enrolled 69 adult women that reported physical activity three times a week, besides receiving nutritional counseling and lectures on healthy living, evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Lower levels of physical activity and higher intake of high-risk foods were associated with a 2.28cm increase in mean WC, has compared to higher physical activity and lower intake of high-risk foods (p < 0.01). Lower levels of physical activity associated with high intake of protective foods increased the mean BMI by 0.68kg/m², as compared to higher physical activity and high intake of protective foods. The intervention was positively associated with the target parameters.

A obesidade apresenta ocorrência crescente em todo o mundo, sendo alimentação inadequada e sedentarismo seus importantes fatores de risco. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de um programa de intervenção nutricional e exercício físico sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC) de mulheres adultas. Trata-se de um estudo quasi-experimental, duração de 12 meses, participando 69 mulheres adultas, submetidas à atividade física três vezes na semana, orientação nutricional e palestras sobre vida saudável, avaliadas ao início, 6 e 12 meses do seguimento. Menores níveis de atividade física e alto consumo de alimentos de risco elevaram em 2,28cm a média da CC das mulheres, quando comparado àquelas que tiveram maiores níveis de atividade física e baixo consumo de alimentos de risco (p < 0,01). Menores níveis de atividade física associados ao elevado consumo de alimentos protetores aumentaram a média do IMC em 0,68 kg/m², em comparação com maiores níveis de atividade física e alto consumo de alimentos protetores. A intervenção mostrou associação positiva com os parâmetros avaliados.

Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide, with inadequate nutrition and physical inactivity as the main risk factors. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a nutritional intervention and physical activity program on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in adult women. This quasi-experimental study, lasting 12 months, enrolled 69 adult women that reported physical activity three times a week, besides receiving nutritional counseling and lectures on healthy living, evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Lower levels of physical activity and higher intake of high-risk foods were associated with a 2.28cm increase in mean WC, has compared to higher physical activity and lower intake of high-risk foods (p < 0.01). Lower levels of physical activity associated with high intake of protective foods increased the mean BMI by 0.68kg/m², as compared to higher physical activity and high intake of protective foods. The intervention was positively associated with the target parameters.